NKT – NKT is selected as preferred bidder for high-voltage interconnector project connecting Scotland and England

EMR Analysis

More information on NKT: See the full profile on EMR Executive Services

More information on Claes Westerlind (President and Chief Executive Officer, NKT): See the full profile on EMR Executive Services

More information on Line Andrea Fandrup (Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, NKT till end of April 2026): See the full profile on EMR Executive Services

 

 

 

More information on SSE Plc.: https://www.sse.com/ + SE is a leading generator of renewables and flexible energy in the GB and Ireland markets, and one of the world’s fastest-growing electricity networks companies.  

This includes onshore and offshore wind farms, hydro, electricity transmission and distribution networks, power stations, carbon capture and hydrogen, solar and batteries, as well as providing energy products and services for businesses and other customers.

SSE’s more than 14,000 employees are dedicated to delivering cleaner, more secure energy and ensuring a just transition to a net zero future. To help us do this, we’re investing around £17.5bn in critical electricity infrastructure across the five years to 2027.

More information on Martin Pibworth (Chief Executive, SSE Plc.): https://www.sse.com/about-us/leadership-and-governance/ + https://www.linkedin.com/in/martinpibworth/ 

 

More information on SSEN Transmission (Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks) by SSE Plc.: https://www.ssen-transmission.co.uk/ + We are SSEN Transmission, the trading name for Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission.

We are responsible for the electricity transmission network in the north of Scotland, maintaining and investing in the high voltage 132kV, 220kV, 275kV and 400kV electricity transmission network.

Our network consists of underground and subsea cables, overhead lines on wooden poles or steel towers, and electricity substations. It extends over a quarter of the UK’s land mass, crossing some of its most challenging terrain.

Our first priority is to provide a safe and reliable supply of electricity to our communities. We do this by taking the electricity from generators and transporting it at high voltages over long distances through our transmission network for onwards distribution to homes and businesses in villages, towns and cities.

Following a minority stake sale which completed in November 2022, we are now owned 75% by SSE plc and 25% by Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board.

More information on Rob McDonald (Managing Director, SSEN Transmission, SSE Plc.): https://www.sse.com/about-us/leadership-and-governance/meet-the-gec/ + https://www.linkedin.com/in/rob-mcdonald-a8b77129b/ 

More information on James Johnson (Deputy Project Director, Eastern Green Link 3, SSEN Transmission, SSE Plc.): https://www.linkedin.com/in/james-johnson-170b5761/ 

 

 

 

More information on National Grid Electricity Transmission plc.: https://www.nationalgrid.com/ + National Grid lies at the heart of a transforming energy system.

Our business areas play a vital role in connecting millions of people to the energy they use, while continually seeking ways to make the energy system cleaner. National Grid Ventures and National Grid Partners also enable innovations to help revolutionise and decarbonise the future of energy.

In the UK we own and develop the high-voltage electricity transmission network in England and Wales, taking electricity from where it’s generated to where it’s needed. National Grid Electricity Distribution delivers electricity to over 20 million people across homes and businesses in the Midlands, South West England, and South Wales.

In the US, we own and operate electricity and natural gas networks, serving over 20 million people across New York State and Massachusetts.

National Grid Ventures operates across the UK, Europe, and the US, developing, operating, and investing in large-scale clean energy infrastructure.

National Grid Partners invests in entrepreneurs at the intersection of energy and emerging tech, with capital, resources, connections, and know-how.

More information on John Pettigrew (Group Chief Executive Officer, National Grid Electricity Transmission plc.): https://www.nationalgrid.com/about-us/our-leadership-team/the-executive-committee + https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-pettigrew-ng/ 

More information on Mark Brackley (Project Director, Eastern Green Link 3, National Grid Electricity Transmission plc.): https://www.linkedin.com/in/mark-b-74092b155/ 

 

 

 

More information on Eastern Green Link 3 (EGL3) by SSEN Transmission (Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks) and National Grid Electricity Transmission: https://www.ssen-transmission.co.uk/projects/project-map/eastern-green-link-3/ + A new high voltage subsea cable, transporting clean energy from the north of Scotland to England, allowing the whole country to benefit from clean and secure renewable power.

 

 

 

More information on Net Zero by 2050 by the United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition + Put simply, net zero means cutting greenhouse gas emissions to as close to zero as possible, with any remaining emissions re-absorbed from the atmosphere, by oceans and forests for instance.

Currently, the Earth is already about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and emissions continue to rise. To keep global warming to no more than 1.5°C  – as called for in the Paris Agreement – emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.

More than 140 countries, including the biggest polluters – China, the United States, India and the European Union – have set a net-zero target, covering about 88% of global emissions. More than 9,000 companies, over 1000 cities, more than 1000 educational institutions, and over 600 financial institutions have joined the Race to Zero, pledging to take rigorous, immediate action to halve global emissions by 2030.

More information on Net Zero by 2050 by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi): https://sciencebasedtargets.org/net-zero + The SBTi’s Corporate Net-Zero Standard is the world’s only framework for corporate net-zero target setting in line with climate science. It includes the guidance, criteria, and recommendations companies need to set science-based net-zero targets consistent with limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C.

UN vs. SBTi: 

• UN targets nations, while SBTi focuses on companies. UN sets a broad goal, while SBTI provides a detailed framework for target setting.
• Both aim to achieve net zero emissions and limit warming to 1.5°C. The UN sets the overall direction, and SBTi helps businesses translate that goal into actionable plans.

Key components of the Corporate Net-Zero Standard:

1. Near-term targets: Rapid, deep cuts to direct and indirect value-chain emissions must be the overarching priority for companies. Companies must set near-term science-based targets to roughly halve emission before 2030. This is the most effective, scientifically-sound way of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C.
2. Long-term targets: Companies must set long-term science-based targets. Companies must cut all possible – usually more than 90% – of emissions before 2050.
3. Neutralize residual emissions: After a company has achieved its long-term target and cut emissions by more than 90%, it must use permanent carbon removal and storage to counterbalance the final 10% or more of residual emissions that cannot be eliminated. A company is only considered to have reached net-zero when it has achieved its long-term science-based target and neutralized any residual emissions.
4. Beyond Value Chain Mitigation (BVCM): Businesses should invest now in actions to reduce and remove emissions outside of their value chains in addition to near- and long-term science-based targets.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EMR Additional Notes:

• Extra Low-Voltage (ELV):
  • Extra-Low Voltage (ELV) is defined as a voltage of 50V or less (AC RMS), or 120V or less (ripple-free DC).
• Low-Voltage (LV):
  • The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines Low Voltage (LV) for supply systems as voltage in the range 50–1000 V AC or 120–1500 V DC.
• Medium-Voltage (MV):
  • Medium Voltage (MV) is a voltage class that typically falls between low voltage and high voltage, with a common range being from 1 kV to 35 kV. In some contexts, this range can extend higher, up to 69 kV.
• High-Voltage (HV):
  • The International Electrotechnical Commission define high voltage as above 1000 V for alternating current, and at least 1500 V for direct current.
• Super High-Voltage or Extra High-Voltage (EHV): 
  • Super High-Voltage or Extra High-Voltage (EHV) is the voltage class used for long-distance bulk power transmission. The range for EHV systems is typically from 230 kV to 800 kV.
• Ultra High-Voltage (UHV): 
  • Ultra High-Voltage (UHV) is the highest voltage class used in electrical transmission, defined as a voltage of 1000 kV or greater.

 

 

• HVDC Light:
  • HVDC Light is a modern HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current) technology that uses Voltage Source Converters (VSCs). It is a successful and environmentally friendly way to design a power transmission system for a submarine cable, an underground cable, using overhead lines, or as a back-to-back transmission.
  • HVDC Light is designed to transmit power underground and underwater, also over long distances. It offers numerous environmental benefits, including “invisible” power lines, neutral electromagnetic fields, oil-free cables and compact converter stations.
  • As its name implies, HVDC Light is a dc transmission technology. However, it is different from the classic HVDC technology used in a large number of transmission schemes. Classic HVDC technology is mostly used for large point-to-point transmissions, often over vast distances across land or under water. It requires fast communications channels between the two stations, and there must be large rotating units – generators or synchronous condensers – present in the AC networks at both ends of the transmission. HVDC Light consists of only two elements: a converter station and a pair of ground cables. The converters are voltage source converters, VSC’s. The output from the VSC’s is determined by the control system, which does not require any communications links between the different converter stations. Also, they don’t need to rely on the AC network’s ability to keep the voltage and frequency stable. These feature make it possible to connect the converters to the points bests suited for the AC system as a whole.
• HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current):
  • HVDC (High-Voltage Direct Current) is a key enabler for a carbon-neutral energy system. It is highly efficient for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances, integrating renewables, and interconnecting grids, opening up new sustainable transmission solutions.
• HVDC Links:
  • The first successful HVDC experimental long distance line (37 miles) was made at Munich, Germany in 1882 by Oskar Von Miller and fellow engineers.
  • HVDC allows power transmission between AC transmission systems that are not synchronized. Since the power flow through an HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle between source and load, it can stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes in power.
  • An HVDC line has considerably lower losses compared to HVAC over longer distances.
  • See the world map of HVDC Links here: https://openinframap.org/#2.45/12.96/62.26
• EHVAC / UHVAC & UHVDC:
  • EHVAC / UHVAC (Extra/Ultra-High Voltage Alternating Current): Refers to electrical power transmission lines that operate at voltages exceeding 220 kV, often between 365 kV and 1000 kV. These lines are used to transmit large amounts of electricity efficiently over long distances.
  • UHVDC (Ultra-High Voltage Direct Current): Refers to a DC transmission system that operates at voltages of 800 kV or higher. Like HVAC, it is designed for transmitting immense amounts of power over vast distances, often exceeding 1,000 km, with minimal losses.

 

 

• Interconnectors:
  • Interconnectors are high-voltage cables used to connect the electricity systems of neighboring countries or regions. They allow for the trade of excess power, such as renewable energy created from the sun, wind, and water, between different grids.
  • An interconnector, often known as a DC tie in the USA, is a structure that enables high-voltage DC electricity to flow between electrical grids. Interconnectors are essential for linking separate or asynchronous AC networks, as the use of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology allows for power transfer without the need to synchronize the phase and frequency of the two different grids. This makes them highly efficient for long-distance power trading and grid stability.

 

 

• AC (Alternating Current) & DC (Direct Current) & UC (Universal Current):
  • Direct current (DC): Electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. As opposed to alternating current, the direction of direct currents does not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries.
    • Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in the smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes.
    • In contrast to AC power, DC power is more efficient for long-distance transmission, especially at high voltages, because it avoids the reactive power losses and skin effect associated with AC. This makes it more suitable for long-distance power grids.
  • Alternating Current (AC): Used in homes because it can be easily stepped up or stepped down with the help of transformers, whereas direct current cannot. This ability to easily convert voltage allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances at high voltage before it is stepped down to a low, safe voltage for home use.
  • Universal Current (UC): Means it can accept either DC or AC. So a 24 V UC input can accept either 24 V AC or 24 V DC.

 

 

• Power Cable:
  • A power cable is a type of electrical cable used to transmit electrical power. It typically consists of one or more insulated conductors surrounded by a protective outer sheath.
  • Types of power cables:
    • Overhead cables: These are suspended from poles or towers and are commonly used for long-distance power transmission.
    • Underground cables: These are installed underground and are typically used for local distribution or in areas where overhead lines are impractical or unsafe.
    • Submarine cables: These are laid underwater to connect islands, countries, or offshore wind farms to the mainland power grid.
    • Medium-voltage cables: These are used for the distribution of electrical power from substations to local areas.
    • Low-voltage cables: These are used for the final distribution of power to individual homes and businesses.
• Superconducting Power Cable:
  • A superconducting power cable is a type of electrical cable that uses superconducting materials to conduct electricity with zero resistance. This means that no energy is lost due to heat dissipation, making it significantly more efficient than traditional copper or aluminum cables. Superconducting cables can be used to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with minimal energy losses.

 

 

• Ampere – Amp (A):
  • Ampere (A) is the unit of measure for the rate of electron flow, or current, in an electrical conductor. One ampere is defined as one coulomb of electric charge moving past a point in one second. The ampere is named after the French physicist André-Marie Ampère, who made significant contributions to the study of electromagnetism.
    • Amperes measure the flow of electrical current (charge) through a circuit.
    • Watts measure the rate of energy consumption or generation, also known as power.
    • Volts measure the force or potential difference that drives the flow of electrons through a circuit.

 

• Milliampere (mA):
  • A milliampere is a unit of electric current equal to one-thousandth of an ampere (1mA=10−3A). The prefix “milli” signifies 10−3 in the metric system. This unit is commonly used to measure small currents in electronic circuits and consumer devices.
• Kilovolt (kV):
  • Kilovolt (kV) is a unit of potential difference equal to 1,000 volts.
• Kilovolt-Amperes (kVA):
  • Kilovolt-Amperes (kVA) stands for Kilo-volt-amperes, a term used for the rating of an electrical circuit. A kVA is a unit of apparent power, which is the product of the circuit’s maximum voltage and current rating.
  • The difference between real power (kW) and apparent power (kVA) is crucial. Real power (kW) is the actual power that performs work, while apparent power (kVA) is the total power delivered to a circuit, including the real power and the reactive power (kVAR) that doesn’t do useful work. The relationship between them is defined by the power factor. Since the power factor is typically less than 1, the kVA value will always be higher than the kW value.
• Megavolt-Amperes (MVA):
  • Megavolt-Amperes (MVA) is a unit used to measure the apparent power in a circuit, primarily for very large electrical systems like power plants and substations. It’s a product of the voltage and current in a circuit.
  • 1 MVA is equivalent to 1,000 kVA, or 1,000,000 volt-amperes.

 

• Kilowatt (KW):
  • A kilowatt is simply a measure of how much power an electric appliance consumes—it’s 1,000 watts to be exact. You can quickly convert watts (W) to kilowatts (kW) by dividing your wattage by 1,000: 1,000W 1,000 = 1 kW.
• Megawatt (MW):
  • One megawatt equals one million watts or 1,000 kilowatts, roughly enough electricity for the instantaneous demand of 750 homes at once.
• Gigawatt (GW):
  • A gigawatt (GW) is a unit of power, and it is equal to one billion watts.
  • According to the Department of Energy, generating one GW of power takes over three million solar panels or 310 utility-scale wind turbines
• Terawatt (TW):
  • One terawatt is equal to one trillion watts (1,000,000,000,000 watts). The main use of terawatts is found in the electric power industry, particularly for measuring very large-scale power generation or consumption.
  • According to the United States Energy Information Administration, America is one of the largest electricity consumers in the world, using about 4,146.2 terawatt-hours (TWh) of energy per year.
• Power vs. Energy:
  • Power (measured in kW, MW, GW, TW): Rate at which energy is used or generated at a given moment.
  • Energy (measured in kWh, MWh, GWh, TWh): Total amount of power consumed or generated over a period of time (i.e., Power x Time).

 

• KiloWatt ‘peak’ (KWp):
  • kWp stands for kilowatt ‘peak’ power output of a system. It is most commonly applied to solar arrays. For example, a solar panel with a peak power of 3kWp which is working at its maximum capacity for one hour will produce 3kWh. kWp (kilowatt peak) is the total kw rating of the system, the theoretical ‘peak’ output of the system. e.g. If the system has 4 x 270 watt panels, then it is 4 x 0.27kWp = 1.08kWp.
  • The Wp of each panel will allow you to calculate the surface area needed to reach it. 1 kWp corresponds theoretically to 1,000 kWh per year.

 

 

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
  • Primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.
• Biogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
  • Biogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are the same molecule. Scientists differentiate between biogenic carbon (that which is absorbed, stored and emitted by organic matter like soil, trees, plants and grasses) and non-biogenic carbon (that found in all other sources, most notably in fossil fuels like oil, coal and gas).
• Decarbonization:
  • Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the use of low carbon power sources, and achieving a lower output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
• Carbon Footprint:
  • There is no universally agreed definition of what a carbon footprint is.
  • A carbon footprint is generally understood to be the total amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are directly or indirectly caused by an individual, organization, product, or service. These emissions are typically measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
  • In 2009, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) published a standard for calculating and reporting corporate carbon footprints. This standard is widely accepted by businesses and other organizations around the world. The GHG Protocol defines a carbon footprint as “the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, directly and indirectly, through its own operations and the value chain.”
• CO2e (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent):
  • CO2e means “carbon dioxide equivalent”. In layman’s terms, CO2e is a measurement of the total greenhouse gases emitted, expressed in terms of the equivalent measurement of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, CO2 only measures carbon emissions and does not account for any other greenhouse gases.
  • A carbon dioxide equivalent or CO2 equivalent, abbreviated as CO2-eq is a metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases on the basis of their global-warming potential (GWP), by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same global warming potential.
    • Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, abbreviated as MMTCDE.
    • The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tonnes of the gas by the associated GWP: MMTCDE = (million metric tonnes of a gas) * (GWP of the gas).
    • For example, the GWP for methane is 25 and for nitrous oxide 298. This means that emissions of 1 million metric tonnes of methane and nitrous oxide respectively is equivalent to emissions of 25 and 298 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS):
  • CCS involves the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes. This carbon is then transported from where it was produced, via ship or in a pipeline, and stored deep underground in geological formations.
  • CCS projects typically target 90 percent efficiency, meaning that 90 percent of the carbon dioxide from the power plant will be captured and stored.
  • CCUS adds the utilization aspect, where the captured CO2 is used as a new product or raw material.
• Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): 
  • Carbon Dioxide Removal encompasses approaches and methods for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and then storing it permanently in underground geological formations, in biomass, oceanic reservoirs or long-lived products in order to achieve negative emissions.
• Direct Air Capture (DAC): 
  • Technologies that extract CO2 directly from the atmosphere at any location, unlike carbon capture which is generally carried out at the point of emissions, such as a steel plant.
  • Constraints like costs and energy requirements as well as the potential for pollution make DAC a less desirable option for CO2 reduction. Its larger land footprint when compared to other mitigation strategies like carbon capture and storage systems (CCS) also put it at a disadvantage.
• Carbon Credits or Carbon Offsets:
  • Permits that allow the owner to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. One credit permits the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases.
  • The carbon credit is half of a so-called cap-and-trade program. Companies that pollute are awarded credits that allow them to continue to pollute up to a certain limit, which is reduced periodically. Meanwhile, the company may sell any unneeded credits to another company that needs them. Private companies are thus doubly incentivized to reduce greenhouse emissions. First, they must spend money on extra credits if their emissions exceed the cap. Second, they can make money by reducing their emissions and selling their excess allowances.

 

• Global Warming: 
  • Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.
• Global Warming Potential (GWP): 
  • The heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO2). GWP is 1 for CO2. For other gases it depends on the gas and the time frame.
  • Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e or CO2eq or CO2-e) is calculated from GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO2 which would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas. For example, if a gas has GWP of 100, two tonnes of the gas have CO2e of 200 tonnes.
  • GWP was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases.
• Greenhouse Gas (GHG):
  • A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global warming.
  • The main gases responsible for the greenhouse effect include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor (which all occur naturally), and fluorinated gases (which are synthetic).

• GHG Protocol Corporate Standard Scope 1, 2 and 3: https://ghgprotocol.org/ + The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard provides requirements and guidance for companies and other organizations preparing a corporate-level GHG emissions inventory. Scope 1 and 2 are typically mandatory for companies that are required to report their emissions by national or regional regulations. The GHG Protocol itself is a voluntary standard.
  • Scope 1: Direct emissions:
    • Direct emissions from company-owned and controlled resources. In other words, emissions are released into the atmosphere as a direct result of a set of activities, at a firm level. It is divided into four categories:
      • Stationary combustion (e.g from fuels, heating sources). All fuels that produce GHG emissions must be included in scope 1.
      • Mobile combustion is all vehicles owned or controlled by a firm, burning fuel (e.g. cars, vans, trucks). The increasing use of “electric” vehicles (EVs), means that some of the organisation’s fleets could fall into Scope 2 emissions.
      • Fugitive emissions are leaks from greenhouse gases (e.g. refrigeration, air conditioning units). It is important to note that refrigerant gases are a thousand times more dangerous than CO2 emissions. Companies are encouraged to report these emissions.
      • Process emissions are released during industrial processes, and on-site manufacturing (e.g. production of CO2 during cement manufacturing, factory fumes, chemicals).
  • Scope 2: Indirect emissions – owned:
    • Indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy, from a utility provider. In other words, all GHG emissions released in the atmosphere, from the consumption of purchased electricity, steam, heat and cooling. For most organisations, electricity will be the unique source of scope 2 emissions. Simply stated, the energy consumed falls into two scopes: Scope 2 covers the electricity consumed by the end-user. Scope 3 covers the energy used by the utilities during transmission and distribution (T&D losses).
  • Scope 3: Indirect emissions – not owned:
    • Indirect emissions – not included in scope 2 – that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions. In other words, emissions are linked to the company’s operations. According to the GHG protocol, scope 3 emissions are separated into 15 categories.

 

 

• Transmission and Distribution (T&D):
  • Vital components of the electricity supply chain, ensuring that electricity reaches consumers safely and reliably.
    • Transmission:
      • Transmission is the first vital component of the electricity supply chain.
      • High-voltage electricity: Electricity is generated at power plants at relatively low voltages. To transport it efficiently over long distances, the voltage is increased significantly using transformers.
      • Long distances: High-voltage transmission lines, often carried on tall towers, transport bulk electricity from power plants to substations located closer to cities and towns.
      • Minimizing losses: Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces energy loss during transportation.
    • Distribution
      • Distribution is the final stage of the electricity supply chain, bringing power to the end user.
      • Lower voltage electricity: At substations, the high-voltage electricity is reduced to lower, safer levels suitable for homes and businesses.
      • Local delivery: Distribution lines, typically the ones you see along streets, carry electricity from substations to individual customers.
      • Final stage: Distribution is the final step in the electricity delivery process, bringing power directly to homes and businesses for everyday use.

 

 

• Grid, Microgrids, DERs and DERM’s:
  • Grid / Power Grid:
    • The power grid is a network for delivering electricity to consumers. The power grid includes generator stations, transmission lines and towers, and individual consumer distribution lines.
      • The grid constantly balances the supply and demand for the energy that powers everything from industry to household appliances.
      • Electric grids perform three major functions: power generation, transmission, and distribution.
  • Microgrid:
    • Small-scale power grid that can operate independently or collaboratively with other small power grids. The practice of using microgrids is known as distributed, dispersed, decentralized, district or embedded energy production.
  • Smart Grid:
    • Any electrical grid + IT at all levels.
  • Micro Grid:
    • Group of interconnected loads and DERs (Distributed Energy Resources) within a clearly defined electrical and geographical boundaries witch acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the main grid.
  • Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): 
    • Small-scale electricity supply (typically in the range of 3 kW to 50 MW) or demand resources that are interconnected to the electric grid. They are power generation resources and are usually located close to load centers, and can be used individually or in aggregate to provide value to the grid.
      • Common examples of DERs include rooftop solar PV units, natural gas turbines, microturbines, wind turbines, biomass generators, fuel cells, tri-generation units, battery storage, electric vehicles (EV) and EV chargers, and demand response applications.
  • Distributed Energy Resources Management Systems (DERMS):
    • Platforms which helps mostly distribution system operators (DSO) manage their grids that are mainly based on distributed energy resources (DER).
      • DERMS are used by utilities and other energy companies to aggregate a large energy load for participation in the demand response market. DERMS can be defined in many ways, depending on the use case and underlying energy asset.